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President Madison began peace negotiations with Britain and talked about how their 2 countries had very similar interests. He saw that America and Britain had so many common things between them that they should work together in trading and building up their economies instead of fighting against each other and hurting each other. So on December 11, 1815, President Madison gave Congress a trade agreement with Great Britain that would keep things fair between their 2 countries. In this agreement, he was very strong about America’s rule over American waters and American seamen with no international (i.e. British) interference. In this, President Madison told the world that this new America would keep on defending her territory and economic interests.

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Up until World War II, the Senate had focussed on keeping the United States from becoming a part of the League of Nations. Yet because World Wr II was so horrible the Senate and the American people began to be willing to try to trust the United Nations, which was an even more powerful organization. Five years later, in 1950, the Security Council, with the support of the United States, voted and agreed on a peacekeeping force for Korea. This was the first time that the United Nations had come together to find a peaceful way to end the armed conflict.

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South Vietnam had asked the U.S. to help them to keep the North Vietnam communism out of South Vietnam. However, many people were against all U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, so while the Pentagon was making its decision to send more troops into Vietnam, almost 35,000 war protestors surrounded the White House. They had been organized by the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), but the National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam, the SDS, and Women Strike for Peace also played a part in bringing this protest about. They protested around the White House for two hours before going on to the Washington Monument.

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1. Freedom of religion, speech and assembly

2. Right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of a well-regulated militia

3. No forcible quartering of soldiers during peacetime

4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure

5. Right to a grand jury for capital crimes and due process. Protection from double jeopardy, self-incrimination and public confiscation of private property without “just compensation”

6. Right to “speedy and public” trial by jury and a competent defense

7. Right to trial by jury for monetary cases above $20

8. Protection against “excessive” bail or fines and “cruel and unusual” punishments

9. Rights not enumerated are “retained by the people”

10. Rights not given to the federal government or prohibited the state governments by the Constitution, “are reserved to the States… or to the people”

Also on this day, November 20, 1962, President John F. Kennedy gave Executive Order 11063 that ordered an end to discrimination in housing. President Kennedy’s order was a huge step in ending segregation in housing, but it was never put into practice. The policy said that individual housing and funding agencies could make sure that this order was followed, but no one did. In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson finally got a majority of Congress to make fair housing a law.

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Parks’ arrest was the last straw. December 1, 1955, the night of Parks’ arrest, all who were against it decided to not uses buses or taxis any more, which really hurt the Montgomery city’s transportation system financially. Since many blacks used buses and taxis, this boycott brought serious economic crisis to the city, and it lasted for 11 months. This stress was felt all across the nation. In June of 1956, the district court was deciding the Browder v. Gayle case and voted that Alabama’s racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional. The state of Alabama wanted to change this decision as the boycott of buses and taxis continued, so their appeal was moved on to the United States Supreme Court. Finally, on November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court voted in agreement with the district court’s ruling, and by December buses could no longer discriminate against black people.

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The Southern states began leaving the Union that winter after Lincoln had won the election. Jefferson Davis was one of the leaders, and his fellow Southerners wanted to make him their president. So the states that had left the Union met in February 1861 and decided that Davis should be their president. One year after Lincoln was elected president of the United States, on November 6, 1861, Jefferson Davis was voted in to be the president of the Confederate States of America for a 6 year term. He was afraid of what lay ahead, “Upon my weary heart was showered smiles, plaudits, and flowers, but beyond them I saw troubles and thorns innumerable.” He was right and only stayed president until May 5, 1865, when the Confederate government came to an end.

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The fleet was made up of 5 ships, the 24-gun frigates Alfred and Columbus, and the14-gun brigs Andrew Doria and Cabot, as well as three schooners, the Hornet, the Wasp and the Fly. Each ship and schooner had its own first lieutenant and second lieutenant. The fleet grew to more than 40 armed ships and vessels at the hardest part of the War for Independence. This new Continental Navy was successful in its attacks against British merchant ships, and they won many victories over British warships. This first naval force ended after the war. However, the United States Navy that we know now was formally begun with the creation of the federal Department of the Navy in April 1798.

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